(External) memory fragmentation is a long-standing Linux kernel programming issue. As the system runs, it assigns various tasks to memory pages. Over time, memory gets fragmented, and eventually, a busy system that is up for a long time may have only a few contiguous physical pages.
Because the Linux kernel supports virtual memory management, physical memory fragmentation is often not an issue. With page tables, unless large pages are used, physically scattered memory is still contiguous in the virtual address space.
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